SOR II HSC Course - Religion in Australia Post-1945 Notes

Contemporary Aboriginal Spiritualities
5.1 Aboriginal spirituality as determined by the Dreaming
5.1.1 Define the dreaming in about 400 words with examples	The Dreamtime is an explanation of how the Earth, and all that lives on it, was created. It is a complete religious belief system, based upon a spiritual connection to land, culture, animals, totems, kinship and sacred sites. This interconnection is ongoing and did not just exist in the creation time. For example DARHGANG is a complex formal structure that is the basis for all social activity and has strict rules. Sacred sites are special physical and spiritual locations. essential to purposes such as initiations. There are sites for men only and women only, as well as sites for all. These important sites, unlike a Mosque or Cathedral, might not be of obvious significance to non Aboriginal people. However, great offence is caused when sacred sites are interfered with either accidentally or deliberately. MURRIN are passed down by elders, for all Aboriginal people in their respective Nation to follow. If this connection is broken, by forced removal or dispossession, then the people become adrift, separated from their innermost beliefs.
5.1.2 Show the link between the dreaming and kinship/moiety	1. The first level of kinship is “moiety” Everything, including people, and the environment, are split into two halves 2. Each half is a mirror image of the other, representing land, air, water, and geographical features 3. To understand the universe, these two mirror images must come together 4. Children will inherit either their mother or their father’s moiety You can only marry someone from a different moiety Those with the same are considered to be siblings 5. People with the same moiety are also obliged to support each other → establishing reciprocal rites = when support is provided, it MUST be payed back 6. Once you discover who has the correct kinship alignment to you, you are automatically granted accommodation and food Once this offer is taken, you are now obligated to pay them back It starts to set up a system of responsibilities and obligations to other people which are expected to be payed back Obligation doesn't have to be directly from you to someone, can be from someone in the family The obligation has now been set ‘Please’, ‘thank you’ don't exist = assumed and expected
5.1.3 Show the link between Dreaming and ceremonial life	Is a very large and important part of aboriginal culture Rites of passage- inform all of the new status of the individual. Examples are initiations and funerals. Information- oral transfer from older to younger generations Personal- support personal friendships. Support personal or group activities Spiritual- connect people with the spiritual world of the dreaming The dreaming ceremonies are often conducted in the form of song and dance with the use of body art and a spectacle of lights or costumes Production of foods even the organisation of an appropriate place and time for the ceremony, is part the celebrations. In many cases the preparation is also associated with ritual, and appropriate age or gender restrictions apply. Ceremonies can include -Initiation ceremony -Mens and womens law -Funeral ceremonies -Celebration ceremonies
5.1.4 Show the link between dreaming and obligations the the land	·       Believe they are related to the natural world, relationship provides advantages of survival and life ·       Imposes responsibilities of preservation and education ·       in the land, aboriginal people can see all physical evidence of the dreaming ·       Aboriginal art work, songs, dances and ceremonies are all placed within the context of the natural environment ·       Aboriginals see land as the importance of living within its boundaries rather than forcing the land to change for them ·       Aboriginal people describe themselves as being descendants of particular ancestral beings. Living relationships of the country-side ·       Strongly related to land- inseparable from the land. If moved from the land they die. If the land dies or is destroyed then a part of them dies to. Inextricable connection.
5.2 Discuss the continuing effect of dispossession on aboriginal spiritualities
5.2.1 What are the spiritual, social and cultural costs of separation from the land of Aboriginal people	Part of the dreaming concept is the belief in a return to the spirit world after death. Removal from the land withdraws an aboriginal person from their place in the dreaming and most specifically the place of their spirit after death. The equivalent for a member of one of the world’s 5 major religions is to remove and concept of heaven or eternal life with god or the concept of nirvana/Moksha Causes Loss of spiritual identity Loss of purpose in life
5.2.2 What are the spiritual, social and cultural costs of separation from kinship grouped and family structures for aboriginal people	·        Separation from kinship removes the sense of belonging to humanity ·       Removing an individual from their kinship group removes an understanding of their place in life ·       Dreaming concept is the belief in the spirit worlds place in daily activities ·       The equivalent for a member of one of the world's 5 major religions is to remove any concept of the torah, bible, Qur’an ·       The seven descriptions of dispossession causes are typical of an individual or society that has lost its way in life Causes Loss of human identity Loss of direction in life
5.2.3 What are the stolen generations? When? Where? Why? How many? By whose order?	·       Separation from family removes the sense of belonging to oneself. This evolves belonging to life ·       The removal policies did not just affect individuals and their families. Whole communities lost their confidence in bringing up their own children, and have been denied one of their most important and precious roles.
5.2.4 What are the spiritual, social and cultural costs of the forced separation of Aboriginal children	Children were given a white education – missed out on knowing of their heritage. Loss of identity, family links, culture and language – foundations of traditional beliefs and expressions. Broke up families and communities Produced gaps in the timeline, Aboriginal children never learnt their heritage, therefore, whole languages have been lost and will never be recovered. EVERY aboriginal family were affected by their policy Many children suffered physical, sexual and psychological abuse, in these 'safe' spaces.
5.2.5 What are the most recent facts about the gap between Aboriginal and non-indigenous Australians? Employment, health, education, incarceration.	Life Expectancy = male life expectancy was estimated to be 59.4 years while female life expectancy was estimated to be 64.8 years
5.3 The importance of the land rights movement
5.3.1 Recall a timeline of land rights from 1938-present	1963 = The Bark Petition Yolungu people situated in Arnhem Land 1966 = Wave Hill strike 1968 = Land Rights March to Melbourne 1972 = Tent Embassy 1976 = Aboriginal Land Rights Act (NT) This is legislation The first national land rights legislation Recognises ‘traditional Aboriginal owners’ 1985 = Uluru handed back to traditional owners 1992 = Mabo Overturns terra nullius Rules that native title exists over unalienated Crown land, national parks and reserves IS NOT LEGISLATION 1993 = Native Title Act → continuous, uninterrupted occupation of the people of the land 1996 = Wik vs Queensland Uncertainty surrounded whether native title claims over pastoral leases would extinguish these leases The court found that the statutory pastoral leases under consideration by the court did not bestow rights of exclusive possession on the leaseholder Native title rights could co-exist depending on the terms and nature of the particular pastoral lease 1997 = ‘Bringing Them Home’ Report Report by the Royal Commision to investigate the taking of children (Stolen Generation) Get first-hand accounts from people who had experienced this 1998 = Native Title Amendment Act Streamlined the claims system and provided security of tenure to non-Indigenous holders of pastoral leases and other land title Placed some restrictions on native title claims 2007 = Native Title Amendment Act Aimed at making the native title process more efficient and to speed up the determination of whether native title exists on the 580 claims that had been registered but not yet determined 2009 = Native Title Amendment Act Further amended by the Rudd Government
5.3.2 What are the details of the high court Mabo decision?	1971 - Australia was Terra Nullius - no land rights, ignored prior claim of aboriginal people to the land. Eddie mabo fought for native title in 1982, and won ten years later in 1992. When the high court made decision, it was majority, but some people still disagreed. Decision lead to people of the murray islands winning back ownership over their land, and starting land rights movements across australia. Died before time of decision Grave vandalised with racist slogans due to their result.
5.3.3. What are the details of the Native Title act	Federal government passed a law where native title could only be claimed if the Aboriginal people had continuous, uninterrupted occupation of the land, for traditional purposes Made it harder for aboriginals to claim land rights Defined how and why they were able to claim rights Limited the amount of land that could be claimed
5.3.4 What are the details of the High Court Wik decision	Large groups of people opposed native title. The wik people wanted to make a claim on land that a farm was built in. Farm had a lease from the government -> long term land. 1996 high court said that leases for farms and mines did not extinguish native title. The people were allowed to still access their land for traditional purposes. Caused hysteria over issues where aboriginals were allowed to keep farms/buissnesses 1998 -> Wik amendment Decrease in the rights of negotiation United nations found the law was racist. Native title claims still can be made, some have been fought and won, and others have been lost.
5.3.5 What are the details of the Native Title amendment act	Native Title Amendment Act 1998 allowed States and Territories to legislate their own Native Title laws, and curtailed Indigenous Rights. It streamlined the claims system and provided security of tenure to non-Indigenous holders of pastoral leases and other land title, where that land might potentially be claimed under the act of 1993. The Act placed some restrictions on native title claims.
5.3.6 Why are land rights central to the reconciliation movement	The Significance of Land: land is sacred It is to be preserved It is to be passed on through the generations Land is involved in a timeless cycle of mutual dependence There is group responsibility over land Rituals belong to the land Link to reconciliation movement:
5.3.7 What is the relationship between the dreaming and the land rights movement	Land is at the heart of the Dreaming and all relationships within Aboriginal communities are determined through relationships with the land. Dreaming links Aboriginals to the land. It is an important concept in understanding life, land and how the world works. Rituals are conducted on the land and to renew the law, art is often about the land, sacred objects are from the landscapes, spirit being live within the landscape, and each person’s totem will have one or more significant sites. Without their land rights, Indigenous Australians cannot experience any of these things, their way of life and identity. The Dreaming gives Aboriginals a reason to pursue Land Rights The importance of the Land to Aboriginal Spirituality, through The Dreaming, is recognised in Australian law. Aboriginal spirituality is founded on the people’s inextricable connection to the land. They are part of the land and the land is part of their being   Daily life, Rituals and Ceremonies reflect and revolve around the land and are dependent upon it to be whole, without it these practices cannot be observed
5.4 The relationship between Aboriginal spiritualties and religious traditions in the process of reconciliation
5.4.1 What roles do Australia’s religious groups play in reconciliation? Give examples
5.4.2 Name three religious organisations that have a focus on Aboriginal reconciliation
5.4.3 Name three religious ceremonies or communities that integrate traditional Aboriginal expression in contemporary worship or prayer	1. ‘Welcome to Country’ performed by the Darug elders - Is a cultural protocol where Aboriginal Traditional Owners welcome people to their Land/Country at the beginning of a major event, ceremony or meeting - Is an important ceremony by Aboriginal people and inviting them to perform it helps non-Indigenous people recognise Aboriginal culture and history - It is an important mark of respect for Aboriginal people and history, and recognises respect for the land and culture - There is no exact wording, and how it is performed is dependent upon the individual undertaking the role 2. ‘Smoking Ceremony’ - Aims to spiritually cleanse the space in which the ceremony takes place, so as to allow peace and recognise the importance of meeting - A Smoking Ceremony should be performed on special occasions or at major outdoor events; when permission has been approved by the Traditional Owners
The religious landscape from 1945 to present
6.1 Changing patterns of adherence
6.1.1 What are the percentages of every major religious tradition in the 2011 census	Christian - 61.1% Buddhism - 2.5% Hinduism - 1.3% Islam - 2.2% Judaism - 0.5% No religion - 22.3% I’m Gonna Crush and Burn my HSC
6.1.2 What are the changes over time of each major tradition	Christian religion stayed the most represented, however, as a result of the increasing population, and immigration, the percent has dropped over 20% Buddhism has steadily grown in size Hinduism has steadily grown in size Islam declined at first, but has now grown in size Judaism has stayed roughly the same in size
6.1.3 What are the three major forces affecting changing patterns? How have these changed over time?	World War II - End of 1945 - French - Catholic Belgium - Catholic Netherlands - Catholic Denmark - Lutheran Norway - Lutheran Austria - Catholic Greece - Greek Orthodox Italy - Catholic Malta - Catholic Spain - Catholic Turkey - Islam West Germany - Christian → Catholic; Lutheran Yugoslavia - Catholic / Orthodox Dispossessed/refugee Jews = 1945/1948 ⇒ Jewish people needed somewhere to go COLD WAR - spread of communism resulted in immigrants got out when it was forming as a communist palce Came from Hungary (1956), Czechoslovakia (1968), Chile (1973), Vietnam (1975), and Poland ( once it became communist, people weren’t able to leave saw the arrival of mostly Catholic Christians and a significant number of Buddhists (from Vietnam) Wars and Social Dislocation - Afghanistan, Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East Increase in Muslims Remember: Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 introduced the White Australia Policy- only immigrants who fitted into Australia’s dominant British- European culture were allowed into Australia. Policy of Assimilation meant that the migrant had to fit into Australian society- learn the language, adopt the culture. This officially ended in 1970’s. It was replaced or superseded by a policy of multiculturalism- languages, culture, architecture of other racial groups was accepted. This meant migrants no longer had to assimilate. Catholics outnumbered Anglicans for the first time in 1992 Immediately after WWII statistically 88% of Australians were Christian. Today (based on 2006 census) 68% call themselves Christian. Immigration of refugees from Asia, asylum seekers, and migrants has seen increasing numbers of people arriving from India (Hinduism), Vietnam (Catholics and Buddhists), Indonesia (Islam), Philippines (Catholic). What significance does this have statistically? Overall since WWII due to immigration: Proportion of Catholics has increased Proportion of Orthodox has increased and the diversity of Orthodox religions has increased Proportion of Christians has decreased overall Proportion of Muslims has increased Proportion of Buddhists has increased Proportion of Hindus has increased Therefore the religious landscape has seen an increase in both the religious plurality and the religious diversity which can be largely attributed to immigration and immigration policies of successive Australian governments. Dates to Remember: End of WWII 1950-1953 Korean War Vietnam War 2001- present Afghanistan War 1946-1991 Cold War 1956- Hungarian uprising against Stalin and communist Russia 1948                                  Jewish state formed 1968 Czechoslovak crisis 2003- Iraq invasion/ war 2001- present 9/11 and increased terrorist attacks affecting wider area of world- Spain, India, Africa, USA, Indonesia. 1901-1970 Immigration Restriction Act 1901 and the White Australia Policy
6.1.4 What specific evidence is there for the argument that Australia is secular	Yet surely Donnelly is proud that Australia is neither a theocracy nor a state that is exclusionary of religion. Rather, it is a secular society that aspires to be inclusive of diverse non-religious and religious groups. This contradiction between an understanding of the secular as an aspiration and a view of the secular as a defect warrants discussion of Donnelly’s use of the term.
6.1.5 What specific evidence is there for the argument that Australia is religious	The census data proves that Australia is a religious nation The 2011 census shows that only 22.3% of people say they have no religion This is under one quarter of the population, therefore three quarters of the population ARE religious, giving the argument that Australia is a religious nation.
6.1.6 Account for the increase in the no-religion and not stated categories	- The numbers not answering the question rose sharply between 1911 and 1933. In some ways, World War I marked the end of Christendom. The brutality of the war between nations with a Christian heritage convinced many that the Western world had not reached the heights of civilisation and moral superiority claimed for it at the end of the nineteenth century. - Some people with high commitment to religious groups have not answered the question because they believe in the separation of religious affairs and government affairs, and thus they believe the government has no business knowing their religious involvements. - Many others have failed to answer the question because they have no specific religious affiliation or involvement in a religious community.
6.1.7 Why is there a growing number of Jedi’s in Australia	Star Wars Atheists worry that people electing to be ‘Jedi’s’ as their religion will cause Australia to be seen as a religious country due to extra numbers.
6.1.8 What are the trends in non-Christian religious migration	Except for Israel, Australia has received more immigration in proportion to its existing population than any other country. Initially majority of immigrants were European Christians – White Australia Policy. Post War immigration changed this – Assisted immigration Scheme. Cold War and Vietnam meant there were more refugee groups needing a safe haven; need for labour in Australia was still great. Immigration not only increased some religions, but brought new ones in. In major Christian Denominations many ethnicities have been catered for E.g. Maronite and Melkite in Catholic community. Jewish schools, halal meat shops and mosques etc. There are now fourteen Orthodox denominations in Australia. Post-War Immigration: Number of people fleeing destroyed countries and immigrating to Australia after WW2 changed the Christian face of Australia Assisted Passage Scheme implemented to encourage British migration to Australia to increase population, and was then spread to other Eastern European countries Increased Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox More communities, churches, schools and other social fixtures had to be built for the increase of new religious adherents After WW2, Jewish population began to increase evident that the Jewish population in Australia was very small before WW2, consisting of Jews only from the first fleet Hungarian revolution, expulsion of Jews from Egypt in the Suez conflict and South African apartheid saw rise in Jewish populations 17% of Jewish population arrived after 1980 1970s and Vietnam War: Prior to the 1970s, the main religious adherents were Christian Abolition of White Australia policy in 1973 saw Australia become a multicultural society who accepted many different religious adherents Vietnam War displaced more than 2 million Indo-Chinese people, 120000 came to Australia for refuge Large increase in Buddhism and Hinduism (Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand) Increase in Roman Catholics Changes to Immigration Laws: Prior to Immigration Restriction Act (1901), there had been a mere 4300 Hindu’s living in Australia, 1996 there were 148000 Hindu adherents Abolition of White Australia Policy saw a rise in multiculturalism within Australia and a wider acceptance of other religious traditions Islam in Australia: Islam first introduced to Australia in 1882 when thousand of camel drivers from Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Middle East came to Australia to work on telegraph lines and railways Immigration Restriction Act did not allow them to become citizens First major influx of Muslims arrived with Turkish Cypriot Muslims fleeing WW2 refugee camps Significant members started to arrive with Lebanese Muslims fleeing civil war In 2006, the fastest growing source of refugees was from Sudan Iraq war has seen an increase in refugees from Afghanistan and Iraq Diverse religion, expanding from 60 different countries of both Sunni and Shi’a 72% of Muslims under the age of 35, 2% over the age of 60 Much higher birth rates than general population and over 1/3 were born in Australia so religion is expected to rise.
6.1.9 Why is Christianity still the largest tradition? Where can its influence be seen?	Christianity is still the largest tradition due to the British taking over australian land and bring their religion with them.
6.1.10 What is denominational switching? Who does it affect?	Denominational Switching: Refers to the transfer of followers from one Christian denomination to another. Switching from one sector / denominate of a particular Church to another to suit lifestyle and feel comfortable and well catered for Contrasts to historic patterns where families remained with the one denomination for many generations Significance of lifetime loyalty to one particular church diminished due to growing individualism within lives Increased proliferation of finding meaning in life to cater for different tastes and individualistic lifestyle People under the age of 40 switch as they are less likely to view a lifetime of loyalty to a church as important, whereas people over 60 do Christians are more likely to switch denominations than any other religious faith as they move to explore and seek stronger Christian faiths, rejecting light God churches Trends show a sway to more conservative churches throughout the Western world due to sense of exclusivity that these churches provide greater demands on members and stronger commitment required e.g. Pentecostal church Switch to conservative churches can also be explained by the fact that God is presented as being closely involved in human life as well as having more dynamic services on offer Conservative churches aggressively evangelistic with successful conversion methods Conservative churches have also lost many members out of the Christian faith all together, with Pentecostal churches losing the greatest amount
6.2 New Age Religions
6.2.1 What is a new age religion? What are its features?	New Age Religion: differ from other faiths in that, while together form an overall spiritual movement, they nonetheless lack any single unifying doctrine or creed
6.2.2 What are some new age religions	- Wicca (Pagan Witchcraft) - Scientology - Astrology
6.2.3 Why are new age religions so popular	- Has widely been used to assert that a better way of life for humanity is dawning
6.2.4 What is secularism and what evidence is there that it is a growing phenomenon in Australia	-  Secularism: the principle of separation of the state from religious institutions. - Secular systems are based on reason, fact and scientific analysis and therefore differ from religious systems which are based on divine light and spirituality - Secularists believe policies and decisions made by governments should be completely separate from religious influence which they believe has the right to jeopardise the freedom and rights of citizens - 1960s and 1970s saw nearly all Australians being affiliated with a religious denomination and Sunday Church was seen as an integral component of life - Today however, there is less emphasis on conforming and more emphasis of the autonomy of the individual for freedom and rights - Increased freedom has seen increase in secularism -Religion now viewed as a personal and private decision
6.3 Ecumenism and Interfaith dialogue
6.3.1 List four-five ecumenical movements or occasions in Australia	What is ecumenism? Promoting Christian unity through dialogue and cooperation. The member CHurches address issues such as injustice, promoting peace, responding to natural disasters, and providing support for issues. e.g. the way Christian’s address issues raised through child sexual abuse scandals Ecumenism is only about Christianity → no other religions: NCCA - Connected to the World Organisation of Churches (WCC) - Share a common faith and connection (about similarities not differences) → future of faith lies in unity not in separation - 19 churches are members      - Catholic, Anglican and Uniting are all members - For member churches to come together and discuss issues within many denominations = e.g. Disaster recovery and sexual abuse within the churches NSW Ecumenical Council (formed in 1982) Columban Mission Institute (formed in
6.3.2 Evaluate the work of the National Council of Churches	- Act for Peace Focuses on assisting the most conflict and disaster affected communities Gives money from the ‘Christmas Bowl’ appeal to those communities - NATSIEC The churches are working together for a fair deal for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, and for the healing of the nation - EAPPI the program brings international volunteers to the West Bank to serve as Ecumenical Accompaniers - Social Justice - Interfaith - Eco-Mission - Safe Church Program The Safe Church Training Agreement The Safe Church Network The Safe as Churches? - Faith & Unity
6.3.3 Evaluate the work of the NSE ecumenical council	- The Roman Catholic Church is NOT a member of this organisation → Uniting and Anglican are The largest denomination is missing has to suggest that the work that they do is very different from the work of the NCCA Theological difference is the biggest difference → the Catholic Church is outside of this Theological Conference - - On multiculturalism and ecumenism - Addresses the emerging challenges within Australia: the impact of cross-cultural relationships, theology and ministry on - Looking at ways in which their theologies can address these issues Taize Pilgrimage:
6.3.4 Evaluate the importance of interfaith dialogue in Australia	Interfaith Dialogue: The cooperative, constructive and positive interaction between people of different religious traditions and/or spiritual or humanistic beliefs, at both the individual and institutional levels. NCCA = Christians, Muslims, and Jews UAC = Jews, Muslims, Asia-Pacific CMI = Christian-Muslim relations
6.3.5 Name some organisations which aim to facilitate interfaith dialogue	The Jewish Christian Muslim Association (JCMA) - What it’s about: - Promotes the prevention of emotional and physical abuse arising from religious intolerance and cultural discrimination - Aims to reduce racism, intolerance, bigotry and violence and the associated emotional harm Examples of Work: - Creating and providing forums for interfaith dialogue and shared experience - JCMA’s principal activities, encourage participation in programs that contribute towards targeting racism and abusive behaviour and preventing its harmful emotional effects - ‘The Taste of Faith’ = speakers share aspects of their faith with attendees - ‘JCMA Friendship Walk 2016) = spend an afternoon walking together in friendship and goodwill between a church, synagogue, and a mosque - Together walk to demonstrate public acceptance and dialogue from Mosque to Synagogue to Church St Columbans Mission Society (CATHOLIC ORGANISATION) - What it’s about: - The Centre for Christian-Muslim Relations is part of the Columban Mission Institute - the centre promotes positive interaction and collaboration between Christians, Muslims and members of other religions as a means of bringing harmony, respect and understanding - Aims to engage promote mutual understanding → learning from each others’ experience, correcting misunderstandings, and cooperating for the common good of society - Seeks to recover the authentic teaching and practice of the religion, heal the hurts that have been inflicted, and promote reconciliation Examples of Work: - “Growing Peace - Muslims and Christians Together” Program to support and promote peace through tolerance - Organising conferences, seminars and activities to enable Christians and Muslims to meet each other and learn about the others' belief and practices. - Networking with Inter-faith and Multifaith groups, especially those including Muslims and Muslim associations. - Co-ordinating a network of Christian women who wish to develop stronger relations with Muslim women. - Providing speakers and conducting workshops. - Consultancy and providing resources to individuals and groups. - Conducting research. - Holding small but quality resources on Islam and Interreligious Dialogue. - Publishing Occasional Papers, our quarterly newsletter Bridges and providing input for Columban Mission Society publications Staff. National Council of Churches in Australia (NCCA) - What it’s about: - The National Council of Churches in Australia is a national organisation that works in partnership with state ecumenical councils around Australia Examples of Work: - National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Ecumenical Commission - Act for Peace - Faith and Unity - Social Justice Network - Ecumenical Accompaniment Programme in Palestine and Israel - Safe Church Program - Interfaith Dialogue = ‘The Dialogue’ The Dialogue (NCCA) was made to provide opportunity for the national bodies of each faith to come together to build understanding and harmony in the Australian context.
6.3.6 Give examples of occasions when interfaith dialogue was seen in action in Australia	The Centre for Christian-Muslims Relations is part of the Columban Mission Institute - the centre promotes positive interaction and collaboration between Christians, Muslims and members of other religions as a means of bringing harmony, respect and understanding The Dialogue (NCCA) was made to provide opportunity for the national bodies of each faith to come together to build understanding and harmony in the Australian context

c. Madison F and Alison L